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Objective: To explore the phonological processes in initial consonants of Putonghua-speaking children in Jiangsu urban areas. Methods: A status survey was applied. From December 2014 to September 2015, a stratified random sampling method was used to select 958 children aged 1 to 6 years with Putonghua as their mother tongue in the urban area of Nanjing, Changzhou, Yangzhou and Xuzhou to examine their phonological performance. Speech samples were collected by the method of picture naming. The children were divided into 9 age groups (1.5-<2.0, 2.0-<2.5, 2.5-<3.0, 2.5-<3.0, 3.0-<3.5, 3.5-<4.0, 4.0-<4.5, 5.0-<6.0, 6.0-<7.0 years). Descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the phonological processes in initial consonants at different age groups. Results: Among the 958 children, there were 482 boys and 476 girls. The age of the children was (3.8±1.4) years. The number of children in the 9 age groups (1.5-<2.0, 2.0-<2.5, 2.5-<3.0, 2.5-<3.0, 3.0-<3.5, 3.5-<4.0, 4.0-<4.5, 5.0-<6.0, 6.0-<7.0 years) is 100, 110, 110, 114, 114, 114, 111, 119, and 66, separately. The process of substitution was found in the speech of 701 children (73.2%), syllable structure simplification was found in 194 children (20.3%), distortion was found in 41 children (4.3%), and assimilation was found in 17 children (1.8%). Among these 4 types of processes, the occurrence of substitution was highest in all the age groups, ranging from 30.3% (20/66) to 94.5% (104/110). The occurrence of syllable structure simplification ranged from 27.3% (30/110) to 91.0% (91/100) in the age groups of 1.5-<3.0 years and 0.9% (1/114) to 7.9% (9/114) in the age groups of 3.0-<7.0 years. The occurrence of distortion ranged from 7.3% (8/110) to 19.1% (21/110) in the age groups of 1.5-<3.0 years and 0 (0/114) to 2.7% (3/111) in the age groups of 3.0-<7.0 years. The occurrence of assimilation was very low in all age groups, ranging from 0 (0/114) to 3.0% (3/100) among all age groups. For substitution, the occurrence order of mainly individual processes from high to low was listed as follows: retroflexion 35.4% (339/958), deretroflexion 31.6% (303/958), lateralization 27.9% (267/958), stopping 17.8% (171/958), backing 14.2% (136/958), palatalization 10.9% (104/958), fronting 10.6% (102/958), and nasalization 5.8% (56/958). From the 4.0-<4.5 years of age group onwards, the phonological processes in initial consonants all met suppression criteria (the occurrence of processes was reduced to<10%) except retroflexion, deretroflexion, and lateralization. Conclusions: The processes of syllable structure simplification and distortion mainly appears in the early stage of speech sound development, while substitution is the major form of phonological pattern in initial consonants found in developmental speech errors. By 4 years of age, phonological processes in initial consonants almost disappear. The remaining processes that persisted for a longer period of time are retroflexion, deretroflexion, and lateralization.
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Male , Female , Humans , Child , Child, Preschool , Phonetics , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
AIM: To explore the etiology classification and clinical characteristics of infants with moderate-severe visual impairment aged 0-2 years old, and preliminarily formulate a set of process for grass-roots health-care institutions to carry out the screening and management of children visual impairment.METHODS: There were 245 cases of children aged 0-2 years with moderate-severe visual impairment who were admitted to the Children Eye Care Specialist Clinic in Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2009 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. A complete profile of visual development was established, including age, sex, medical history, vision, eye position and movement, anterior segment examination, fundus examination, refractive examination under cycloplegia with 1% atropine ophthalmic gel, if necessary, some special eye examinations such as fundus photography, eye A/B ultrasound and visual electrophysiology were received.RESULTS: The average visit age of 245 cases of infants was 1.82±0.79 years, including refraction error of 128 cases(52.2%), among them, 100 cases(40.8%)were high refraction error; 79 cases(32.2%)were eye diseases, most of which were congenital cataract(33 cases); and 38 cases(15.5%)were cerebral visual impairment(CVI)(15.5%).CONCLUSION: It is necessary to proceed classified managements according to the etiology and clinical characteristics of infant visual impairment to find early and diagnose and treat multidisciplinary,including drawing up screening plans for remediable eye diseases, carrying out necessary refractive correction and training children to use residual visual function.
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Premature and low birth weight children are susceptible to many unfavorable factors due to the immaturity of intrauterine development. Compared with term infants,they are inclined to suffer from refractive error,amblyopia,congenital eye disease,etc.,which affect vision development and even cause visual impairment. Therefore,administering eyesight care after birth for premature and low birth weight infants allows the early detection of disorders which can be given timely correction,maximizes the protection range and facilitates vision development. The quality of life is achieved with visual function improved. After-birth vision care is setted at hospital and family levels,which includes regular visits to the hospital for eye disease screening and vision monitoring,as well as family eye care from sleeping,diet,environment and eye-watching behavior and habits perspectives.
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Abstract?AIM:To study the Influence and outcomes of eye healthcare information teaching for the visual development of children under“combination of medicine and education” in kindergartens.?METHODS:The children(5-6 years old) were randomly selected from 6 kindergartens in Nanjing, 3 in Yuhua District as the experimental group, and the other 3 in Jianye District as the control group.A one-year follow-up was conducted to evaluate the difference of visual development, including the rate of low vision, rate of referral caused by refractive abnormality, rate of astigmatism, the average of the equivalent spherical lens and the rate of lacking physiological hypermetropia, between the experimental group and the control group children.?RESULTS:One school year later,the rate of low vision, rate of referral caused by refractive abnormality and the rate of astigmatism, were significantly lower (P<0.05)in the experimental group under the mode of“combination of medicine and education”, which were also lower than those before experiment(P<0.05).The average of the equivalent spherical lens of experimental group increased and the rate of lacking physiological hypermetropia decreased significantly, compared with the control group ( P <0.05 ) and with those before experiment(P<0.05).?CONCLUSION:Using “combination of medicine and education” eye health care model,is good for children's visual development,so as to reduce the rate of low vision and delay the occurrence of myopia.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the growth rhythm of preterm appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants by investigating their physical catch-up growth characteristics.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eighty-four preterm AGA newborns (44 males and 40 females) with gestational ages between 28-36 weeks were enrolled. The weight, length and head circumference were evaluated by Z score according to the criterions of actual and corrected ages.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The preterm infants had the catch-up growth in weight, length and head circumference in the first year of life. The growth velocity within the first three months was the highest. The velocity in the weight catch-up was higher than that in the length.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The fastest growing period is the early three month of life in preterm AGA infants. The catch-up growth in weight and length is unbalanced.</p>
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Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Body Height , Body Weight , Gestational Age , Head , Infant, Premature , Longitudinal StudiesABSTRACT
Objective To provide scientific evidences for improving children early integrated development,through analyzing the mental developmental status and characteristics of 322 cases of 2-year-old children in Nanjing.Methods Intelligence and motor development condition in 322 cases of 2-year-old children were assessed by using Bayley Scales of Infant Development test,and the assessed results were analyzed.Results 1.The incidences of the children whose mental development index(MDI)or psychomotor development index(PDI)were under 69 were 3.1% and 5.6%,respectively;2.The MDI mean score(114.34?19.65)was significantly higher than that of PDI(101.73?21.53)(t=9.71,P0.05).Conclusions The incidences of mental retardation in this study were consistent with the result reported by World Health Organization.There were differences between motor and intelligence development in children,as well as the intelligence development between male and female.Therefore,it should be implemented early childhood developmental screening in child health care.Parents should be given scientific guides about intelligence and motor development of children.